The Density of White Dwarf Stars. S. Chandrasekhar. Philosophical Magazine Series 7. Vol. 11 No. 70 (1931): 592–596. Reprinted in the Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. Vol. 15 No. 2 (1994): 105–109.
Will the LHC destroy the world? Sixty Symbols. YouTube (2012). CERN's Large Hadron Collider will NOT destroy our planet. But many of you asked about it — and the "scenarios" are a good excuse to discuss some cool physics.
Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation. Albert Einstein. Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-Mathematische Klasse. (1915): 844–847 [openaccess copies]. Translated into English as The Field Equations of Gravitation.
Über die Krümmung des Raumes. Alexander Friedmann. Zeitschrift für Physik. Vol. 10 No. 1 (1922): 377–386. Translated into English as On the curvature of space. Alexander Friedmann. General Relativity and Gravitation. Vol. 31 No. 12 (1999): 1991–2000.
BICEP and Keck Array. BICEP stands for "Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization". This experiment was thought to offer the first evidence for primordial gravitational waves. The signal turned out to be dust in the Milky Way.
Nobel Prize in Physics 2011to Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae.
Performance and Results of Portable Clocks in Aircraft. J.C. Hafele. Proceedings of the Third Annual Department of Defense (DoD) Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Strategic Planning Meeting. (1971): 261-288. DTIC Accession Number: ADA489971.
The Weight of Light. David Lindley. Physical Review Focus. Vol. 16 No. 1 (12 July 2005). A good general overview of the Pound-Rebka experiment that verified Einstein's gravitational doppler efect.
LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory) is a pair of gravitational wave detectors located in Livingston, Louisiana and Hanford, Washington in the United States. It is operated by Caltech and MIT.
Virgo is a laser interferometer located near Pisa, Italy. It is operated by an international collaboration of scientists from France, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, and Hungary.
GEO600 is a laser interferometer located near Hannover, Germany. It is operated by the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, and partners in the United Kingdom.
KAGRA (Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector) is a laser interferometer being built in the tunnels of the Kamioka mine in Japan.
IndIGO (Indian Initiative in Gravitational-wave Observations) is an initiative to set up a laser intereferometer in India.
eLISA (Evolved Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) will be the first gravitational observatory in space. eLISA is a joint effort of eight European countries – Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The original LISA was to be a joint project of NASA and ESA.
Historical
Näherungsweise Integration der Feldgleichungen der Gravitation. Albert Einstein. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). Sitzungsberichte (1916): 688–696. Approximate integration of the gravitational field equations. Albert Einstein. Meeting reports of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences (Berlin). Session reports (1916): 688–696.
Über Gravitationswellen. Albert Einstein. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin). (1918): 154–167. Einstein admits that his equations derived a few years ealier permit the existance of gravitational waves.
Discovery of a pulsar in a binary system. R.A. Hulse and J.H. Taylor. Astrophysical Journal. Vol. 195 (1975): L51–L53. Why is this pulsar losing mechanical energy? The first evidence for gravitational waves.
BICEP and Keck Array. BICEP stands for "Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization". This experiment was thought to offer the first evidence for primordial gravitational waves. The signal turned out to be dust in the Milky Way.
Mass and Weight are (sort of) the SAME. Sixty Symbols. YouTube (2014). The Equivalence Principle, starring Professor Mike Merrifield from the University of Nottingham (plus Albert Einstein and Isaac Newton).
Black Holes. Sixty Symbols. YouTube (2009). Crushing the Earth into a Black Hole and looking into the core of the Milky Way.
Cosmic Superstrings. Sixty Symbols. YouTube (2013). Professor Ed Copeland on strings and superstrings.
Dark Energy & The Big Rip. Sixty Symbols. YouTube (2014). Third in our "trilogy" of extended interviews with Professor Ed Copeland.
Inflation & the Universe in a Grapefruit. Sixty Symbols. YouTube (2013). Professor Ed Copeland discusses inflation, the Big Bang, and when the observable universe fit inside a grapefruit.
The Remarkable Way We Eat Pizza. Numberphile. YouTube (2016). Cliff Stoll discusses a "Remarkable Theorem", Gaussian curvature, and pizza.
The Perfect Gravitational Wave. World Science Festival. YouTube (2016). LIGO's first detection seemed almost too perfect to be true. Scientists who made the discovery recount their own journey from self-doubt to confidence that the experiment had indeed made a historic breakthrough.
