Phases

Resources

• solid
• liquid
• gas
• glass
  • General
    • British Glass Manufacturers' Confederation
    • Corning, Incorporated
    • Corning Museum of Glass
    • Glass. Nigel Bunce and Jim Hunt. The Science Corner. No 38 (1984).
    • Glass Association of North America
    • The Physics of Glass. James C. Phillips. Physics Today. Vol. 35 No. 27 (1982):
  • viscosity
    • Do cathedral glasses flow? Edgar Dutra Zanotto. American Journal of Physics. Vol. 66 No. 392 (1998).
    • Is Glass a Liquid? Veritasium. YouTube (2015). Stained glass is thicker at the bottom, so is it a liquid? Earth's mantle enables plate tectonics, so is it a liquid?
    • Is Glass Liquid or Solid? Philip Gibbs. Usenet Physics FAQ (1996).
    • Viscous flow of medieval cathedral glass. Ozgur Gulbiten, John C. Mauro, Xiaoju Guo, Olus N. Boratav. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Vol. 101 No. 1 (2018): 5–11.
    • Viscosity of a Standard Borosilicate Glass. A. Napolitano and E.G. Hawkins. National Bureau of Standards (1970).
    • Viscosity of a Standard Lead-Silica Glass. A. Napolitano and E.G. Hawkins. National Bureau of Standards (1966).
    • Viscosity of a Standard Soda-Lime-Silica Glass. Albert Napolitano and Earl G. Hawkins. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards—A. Physics and Chemistry. Vol. 68A No. 5 (1964).
  • Miscellaneous
    • Structure of a New Dense Amorphous Ice. Finney, et al. Physical Review Letters.Vol. 89 No. 20 (2002).
    • Structural Amorphous Steels. Z.P. Lu, C.T. Liu, J.R. Thompson, and W.D. Porter. Physical Review Letters. Vol. 92 (2004).
    • Toothpaste Is a Glass. Physical Review Focus. Vol. 6 No. 24 (2000).
    • Word of the Week: Glass. Paul Adams. Cook's Science Newsletter (2017).
    • ZBLAN Research Takes Step Forward. Marshall Spaceflight Center. NASA. Zirconium, barium, lanthanum, aluminum, and sodium.
• plasma
  • Find something.
• polymorphs and allotropes
  • Allotropes. Nigel Bunce and Jim Hunt. The Science Corner. No. 40 (1984).
  • carbon
    • Mineralogy Database with individual pages on…
      • Chaoite
      • Diamond
      • Graphite
      • Lonsdaleite
    • Diamond. Molecule of the Month. University of Bristol.
      • html only
      • html with Chime
      • html with Java
      • Principal Properties
    • The Mysterious Allotropes of Carbon. Dendritics (gemstone retailer). Nearly all of the links are broken, but the concepts on this page are still sound.
    • buckminsterfullerenes
      • C₆₀: Buckminsterfullerene. H.W. Kroto, J.R. Heath, S.C. O'Brien, R.F. Curl, & R.E. Smalley. Nature. Vol. 318 (1985): 162–163.
      • C₆₀: a New Form of Carbon. W. Krätschmer, Lowell D. Lamb, K. Fostiropoulos, & Donald R. Huffman. Nature. Vol. 347 (1990) 354–358.
    • synthetic diamond
      • Man-made Diamonds. F.P. Bundy, H.T. Hall, H.M. Strong, & R.H. Wentorf Jr. Nature. Vol. 176 (1955): 51–55.
      • Preparation of Diamond. H.P. Bovenkerk, F.P. Bundy, H.T. Hall, H.M. Strong, & R.H. Wentorf Jr. Nature. Vol. 184 (10 October 1959): 1094–1098.
  • cocoa butter
    • nontechnical
      • Cool Chocolate. Mark Ward. New Scientist. No. 2133 (1998).
    • very technical (in chronologial order)
      • On the Preparation of Suppositories. William G. Ewing. American Journal of Pharmacy. Vol. 43 (1871).
      • Polymorphism of cocoa butter. R. L. Wille and E. S. Lutton. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. Vol. 43 No. 8 (1966): 491–496.
      • Real-time x-ray powder diffraction investigations on cocoa butter. II. The relationship between melting behavior and composition of β-cocoa butter. Kees van Malssen, René Peschar, Henk Schenk. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society. Vol. 73 No. 10 (1996): 1217–1223.
      • The Materials Science of Chocolate. Peter Fryer and Kerstin Pinschower. Materials Research Society Bulletin. Vol. 25 No. 12 (2000).
  • iron & steel
    • American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
    • What is Stainless Steel. Australian Stainless Steel Development Association (ASSDA).
    • World Trade Center Disaster Study. National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST).
    • About Stainless. Southern Africa Stainless Steel Development Association (SASSDA).
    • Types and grades of Stainless Steel Plate. Stainless Plate Products USA.
    • United States Fire Administration Technical Report Series (Structural failures in steel buildings caused by fire related softening. Documents hosted at interFIRE.org.)
      • $15 Million Sight and Sound Theater Fire and Building Collapse – Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
      • Logan Valley Mall Fire. Altoona, Pennslyvania
      • Four Firefighters Killed, Trapped by Floor Collapse. Brackenridge, Pennsylvania
      • High-rise Office Building Fire One Meridian Plaza. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
  • oxygen
    • ozone
      • find something
    • red oxygen (O₄)
      • The ε Phase of Solid Oxygen: Evidence of an O₄ Molecule Lattice, Federico A. Gorelli, et al. Physical Review Letters. Vol. 83 No. 20 (November 1999): 4093–4096.
      • New Form of Oxygen Found. Philip Ball. Nature News. (2001).
      • Experimental detection of tetraoxygen. Fulvio Cacace, Giulia de Petris, Anna Troiani. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. Vol. 40 (2001): 4062–4065.
  • tin
    • Allotropy: Why Winter Spells Trouble for the Tin Man. Physics Central. American Physical Society (2015).
    • grey tin (tin pest) time-lapse video. wwwperiodictableru. YouTube (2009). Beta tin to alpha tin transformation, time lapse video of sample maintained at −40 °C. Total time of transformation - ca 20 hours.
  • water
    • boiling
      • Water Boiling at Everest. Periodic Videos. YouTube (2013). Boiling water at various altitudes on the trek from Lukla to Everest Base Camp.
    • Humor
      • Water Phase Diagram. Randall Munroe. xkcd (2015).
    • ice

      

      • Ih. Ordinary ice found on Earth.
      • Ic. Eine kubische Eismodifikation. Hans König. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. Vol. 105 No. 1 (1943): 279–286.
      • II, III. Über die Schmelzkurve des Eises. Gustav Tammann. Sitzungsberichte der Naturforscher-Gesellschaft bei der Universitdt Jurjeff. Vol. 12 (1899): 295–299.
      • IV, V, VI, VII. The Phase Diagram of Water to 45,000 kg/cm². Percy Bridgman. Journal of Chemical Physics. Vol. 5 (1937): 964–966.
      • VIII. Dielectric Properties of Ice VII. Ice VIII: A New Phase of Ice. E. Whalley, D.W. Davidson, and J.B.R. Heath. Journal of Chemical Physics. Vol. 45 No. 3976 (1966).
      • IX. Ice IX: An Antiferroelectric Phase Related to Ice III. E. Whalley, J.B.R. Heath, and D.W. Davidson. Journal of Chemical Physics. Vol. 48 No. 2362 (1968)
      • X. Effect of high pressure on the Raman spectra of ice VIII and evidence for ice X. K.R. Hirsch and W.B. Holzapfel. Journal of Chemical Physics. Vol. 84 No. 2771 (1986).
      • XI. Calorimetric study of a phase transition in D2O ice Ih doped with KOD: Ice XI. Takasuke Matsuo, Yoshimitsu Tajima, Hiroshi Suga. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. Vol. 47 No. 2 (1986) 165–173.
      • XII. The structure of a new phase of ice. C. Lobban, J.L. Finney, W.F. Kuhs. Nature. Vol. 391 (1998): 268–270.
      • XIII. XIV. The preparation and structure of hydrogen ordered phases of ice. Christoph G. Salzmann, Paolo G. Radaelli, Andreas Hallbrucker, Erwin Mayer, John L. Finney. Science. Vol. 311 (2006): 1758–1761.
      • XV. Ice XV: A new thermodynamically stable phase of ice. Christoph G. Salzmann, Paolo G. Radaelli, Erwin Mayer, John L. Finney. Physical Review Letters. Vol. 103 (2009): 105701.
      • XVI. Formation and properties of ice XVI obtained by emptying a type sII clathrate hydrate. Andrzej Falenty, Thomas C. Hansen, Werner F. Kuhs. Nature. Vol. 516 No. 7530 (2014): 231–233.
      • XVII. New porous water ice metastable at atmospheric pressure obtained by emptying a hydrogen-filled ice. Leonardo del Rosso, Milva Celli, Lorenzo Ulivi. Nature Communications. Vol. 7 No. 13394 (2016).