Nucleosynthesis
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Resources

- Humor
- I'm Going to Be a Star. Protostellar Molecular Cloud Barnard 631. The Onion. No. 42.40 (4 October 2006).
- stellar nucleosynthesis
- Astronomy 162, University of Tennessee-Knoxville
- heavy element research centers
- Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt, Germany
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia
(Объединенный Институт Ядерных Исследований, Дубна, Россия) - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBL), Berkeley, California
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee
- Historical
- first nucleosynthesis reaction
- Collision of α particles with light atoms. IV. An anomalous effect in nitrogen. Ernest Rutherford. Philosophical Magazine Series 6. Vol. 37 No. 222 (1919): 581–587.
- technetium (element 43)
- Some Chemical Properties of Element 43. Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè. Journal of Chemical Physics. Vol. 5 No. 9 (1937): 712–716.
- Technetium: The Element of Atomic Number 43. Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè. Nature. Vol. 159 No. 4027 (1947): 24.
- promethium (element 61)
- The Chemical Identification of Radioisotopes of Neodymium and of Element 61. J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin, C.D. Coryell. Journal of the American Chemical Society. Vol. 69 No. 11 (November 1947): 2781–2785.
- first nucleosynthesis reaction
- transuranium
- neptunium (element 93) and plutonium (element 94)
- Radioactive Element 93. Edwin McMillan and Philip Hauge Abelson. Physical Review. Vol. 57 No. 1185 (15 June 1940).
- Properties of 94(239). J.W. Kennedy, G.T. Seaborg, E. Segrè, and A.C. Wahl. Physical Review. Vol. 70 No. 555 (1 October 1946).
- The Physical Review's Explosive Secret. Chelsea Wald. Physical Review Focus. Vol. 14 No. 17 (26 October 2004).
- americium (95) and curium (96)
- The Chemical and Radioactive Properties of the Heavy Elements. Glenn T. Seaborg. Chemical Engineering News. Vol. 23 (10 December 1945): 2190–2193. Wartime acceleration in the study of the heavy elements above No. 88, which form a transition series of the rare earth type, has removed them from the unfamiliar. The discovery of elements 95 and 96, of a new isotope of neptunium, of the occurrence of plutonium in nature, and its large-scale production at Hanford, are outlined.
- The Transuranium Elements. Glenn Seaborg. Science. Vol. 104 No. 2704 (25 October 1946): 379–386.
- berkelium (97) californium (98)
- The new element berkelium (atomic number 97). S.G. Thompson, A. Ghiorso, G.T. Seaborg. Physical Review. Vol. 80 (1 December 1950): 781. Open access copy in the California Digital Library.
- The new element californium (atomic number 98). S.G. Thompson, K. Street Jr., A. Ghiorso, G.T. Seaborg. Physical Review. Vol. 80 (1 December 1950): 790. Open access copy in the California Digital Library.
- einsteinium (99) and fermium (100)
- New Elements Einsteinium and Fermium, Atomic Numbers 99 and 100. Ghiorso, A.; Thompson, S. G.; Higgins, G. H.; Seaborg, G. T.; Studier, M. H.; Fields, P. R.; Fried, S. M.; Diamond, H.; Mech, J. F.; Pyle, G. L.; Huizenga, J. R.; Hirsch, A.; Manning, W. M.; Browne, C. I.; Smith, H. L.; Spence, R. W. Physical Review. Vol. 99 No. 3 (1 August 1955): 1048–1049.
- neptunium (element 93) and plutonium (element 94)
- transfermium
number | discovered | systematic name | named | permanent name | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
101 | 1955 | Unu | unnilunium | 1955 | Md | mendelevium |
102 | 1966 | Unb | unnilbium | 1957 | No | nobelium |
103 | 1961 | Unt | unniltrium | 1961 | Lw | lawrencium |
104 | 1964 | Unq | unnilquadium | 1997 | Rf | rutherfordium |
105 | 1970 | Unp | unnilpentium | 1997 | Db | dubnium |
106 | 1974 | Unh | unnilhexium | 1997 | Sg | seaborgium |
107 | 1981 | Uns | unnilseptium | 1997 | Bh | bohrium |
108 | 1984 | Uno | unniloctium | 1997 | Hs | hassium |
109 | 1982 | Une | unnilennium | 1997 | Mt | meitnerium |
110 | 1994 | Uun | ununnilium | 2003 | Ds | darmstadtium |
111 | 1994 | Uuu | unununium | 2004 | Rg | roentgenium |
112 | 1996 | Uub | ununbium | 2010 | Cn | copernicium |
113 | 2003 | Uut | ununtrium | 2016 | Nh | nihonium |
114 | 1999 | Uuq | ununquadium | 2012 | Fl | flerovium |
115 | 2003 | Uup | ununpentium | 2016 | Mc | moscovium |
116 | 2000 | Uuh | ununhexium | 2012 | Lv | livermorium |
117 | 2010 | Uus | ununseptium | 2016 | Ts | tennessine |
118 | 2002 | Uuo | ununoctium | 2016 | Og | oganesson |
119 | Uue | ununennium | ||||
120 | Ubn | unbinilium | ||||
121 | Ubu | unbiunium | ||||
122 | Ubb | unbibium |
- elements 118 & 116
- false
- Summary, Physical Review Focus, 6 August 1999
- Full Article, Physical Review Letters, 9 August 1999
- Retraction, Physical Review Letters, 15 July 2002
- true
- Summary, Physics News, 16 October 2006
- Full Article, Physical Review C, 9 October 2006
- false
- Video on demand
- Brady Haran
- $500,000 of Calcium. Periodic Videos. YouTube (2017). The rare isotope calcium 48 plays a key role in the creation of superheavy elements. But it's not easy to obtain. Filmed at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, in Dubna, Russia.
- Brady Haran