Doppler Effect (Light)

Resources

• expanding universe
  • Origins
    • Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation. Albert Einstein. Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-Mathematische Klasse. (1915): 844–847 [open access copies]. Translated into English as The Field Equations of Gravitation.
    • Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. Albert Einsterin. Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-Mathematische Klasse. Vol. 7 No. 14 (1917): 142–152.
    • Über die Krümmung des Raumes. Alexander Friedmann. Zeitschrift für Physik. Vol. 10 No. 1 (1922): 377–386. Translated into English as On the curvature of space. Alexander Friedmann. General Relativity and Gravitation. Vol. 31 No. 12 (1999): 1991–2000.
    • Über die Möglichkeiten einer Welt mit konstanter negativer Krümmung des Raumes (On the possibilitiy of a universe with constant negative curvature of space). Alexander Friedmann. Zeitschrift für Physik. Vol. 21 No. 1 (1924): 326–332.
    • Un univers homogène de masse constante et de rayon croissant, rendant compte de la vitesse radiale des nébuleuses extra-galactiques. Georges Lemaître. Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles, Sèrie A. Vol. 47 (1927): 49–59. Translated into English as A homogeneous universe of constant mass and increasing radius accounting for the radial velocity of extra-galactic nebulae. Georges Lemaître. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Vol. 91 (1931): 483–490.
    • A relation between distance and radial velocity among extra-galactic nebulae. Edwin Hubble. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 15 No. 3 (1929): 168–173.
    • Evolution of the Expanding Universe. Georges Lemaître. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 20 No. 1 (1934): 12–17.
    • H₀: The Incredible Shrinking Constant 1925–1975. Virginia Trimble. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Vol. 108 No. 730 (1996): 1073–1082.
  • Acceleration
    • Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant. Adam G. Riess et al. Astronomical Journal. Vol. 116 No. 3 (1998): 1009–1038.
    • Measurements of Ω and Λ from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae. Saul Perlmutter et al. Astrophysical Journal. Vol. 517 No. 2 (1999): 565–586.
    • Phantom Energy and Cosmic Doomsday. Robert R. Caldwell, Marc Kamionkowski, and Nevin N. Weinberg. Physical Review Letters. Vol. 91 (2003): 071301. Open access copy at arXiv.org.
    • Supernovae, Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe. Saul Perlmutter. Physics Today. Vol. 56 No. 4 (2003).
    • Type Ia Supernova Discoveries at z > 1 from the Hubble Space Telescope: Evidence for Past Deceleration and Constraints on Dark Energy Evolution. Adam G. Riess, et al. Astrophysical Journal. Vol. 607 No. 1 (2004): 665–687.
    • Nobel Prize in Physics 2011to Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae.
• Video on demand
  • Brady Haran
    • Redshift. Sixty Symbols. YouTube (2009). You've heard of redshift, but what about the "blue shifting galaxy" on a collision course with the Milky Way!?
  • Tom Scott
    • The Russian Woodpecker of Chernobyl: How To See Over The Horizon. Amazing Places. YouTube (2015). This is the Duga-3 array, inside the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. It's an incredible piece of Soviet engineering, capable of sending radar pulses so powerful they could see over the horizon.