Atomic Models

Resources

• J.J. Thomson (plumb pudding model)
  • On the Structure of the Atom: an Investigation of the Stability and Periods of Oscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle; with Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure. J.J. Thomson.Philosophical Magazine Series 6. Vol. 7 No. 39 (1904): 237–265.
• Ernest Rutherford (planetary model, discovery of the nucleus)
  • Ernest Rutherford – Scientist Supreme. John Campbell.
  • On a Diffuse Reflection of the α-Particles. H. Geiger, J.H. Fellow, E. Marsden.Proceedings of the Royal Society A. Vol. 82 No. 557 (1909): 495–500.
  • The scattering of α and β particles by matter and the structure of the atom. E. Rutherford.Philosophical Magazine Series 6. Vol. 21 No. 125 (1911): 669–688.
• Niels Bohr (stationary states, energy levels, discrete spectra)
  • Neils Bohr Archive. Niels Bohr Institutet. Københavns Universitet.
  • Nobel Prize in Physics 1922. Niels Bohr.
  • The Quantum Atom.Nature (2013). This Nature special issue explores the origin and legacy of Niels Bohr's radical view of the nuclear atom, published one hundred years ago.
  • On the constitution of atoms and molecules. Niels Bohr.Philosophical Magazine Series 6. Vol. 26 No. 151 (1913): 1–25. Also available as a simple webpage from ChemTeam.
  • The theory of spectra and atomic constitution. Niels Bohr. Cambridge: The University Press (1922). Also available through Google Books.
    • On the Spectrum of Hydrogen. English translation of a Danish address given before the Physical Society of Copenhagen on 20 December 1913 and published as Om Brintspektret. Fysisk Tidsskrift. Vol. 12 No. 3 (1914): 97–114.
    • On the series spectra of the elements. English translation of a German address given before the Physical Society of Berlin on 27 April 1920 and published as Über die Serienspektra der Elemente. Zeitschrift für Physik. Vol. 2 No. 5 (1920): 423–469.
    • The structure of the atom and the physical and chemical properties of the elements. English translation of a Danish address given before a joint meeting of the Physical and Chemical Societies of Copenhagen on 18 October 1921 and published as Atomernes Bygning og Stoffernes fysiske og Kemiske Egenskaber. Fysisk Tidsskrift. Vol. 19 No. 5–6 (1921): 153–220.
• Erwin Schroedinger (wave equation, electron cloud)
  • Nobel Prize in Physics 1933. Erwin Schrödinger and P.A.M. Dirac.
• Wolfgang Pauli (exclusion principle, quantum numbers)
  • Nobel Prize in Physics 1945. Wolfgang Pauli.
• P.A.M. Dirac (relativistic model)
  • Nobel Prize in Physics 1933. Erwin Schrödinger and P.A.M. Dirac.
• Atomic spectra
  • Notiz über die Spectrallinien des Wasserstoffs. Johann Jacob Balmer.Annalen der Physik und Chemie Vol. 265 No. 1 (1885): 80–87.Notes on the Spectral Lines of Hydrogen. Translation hosted by Carmen Giunta at Le Moyne College in Syracuse, New York.
  • Atomic Spectra Database. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).
• Laser weapons
  • High Energy Laser Mobile Test Truck (HELMTT). US Army Fact Sheet (2018).
  • High Energy Laser Tactical Vehicle Demonstrator (HEL TVD). Provided by USASMDC/ARSTRAT (2016).
  • Lethality on a beam of light: Scientists test high-energy lasers. Charles LaMar. SMDC Technical Center (2014).
  • Mobile Tactical High Energy Laser (M-THEL), Global Security
  • Space Based Laser-Integrated Flight Experiment (SBL IFX), USAF
• Video on demand
  • The Mechanical Universe and Beyond (1985)
    • The Atom. A history of the atom, from the ancient Greeks to the early 20th century, and a new challenge for the world of physics.
    • Particles and Waves. Evidence that light can sometimes act like a particle leads to quantum mechanics, the new physics.
    • Atoms to Quarks. Electron waves attracted to the nucleus of an atom help account for the periodic table of the elements and ultimately lead to the search for quarks.
  • Brady Haran
    • Why is glass transparent? Sixty Symbols (2011). Sixty Symbols regular Professor Phil Moriarty discusses transparent glass and the so-called energy gap.
    • Hydrogen Alpha. Sixty Symbols. YouTube (2015). If astronomers had a favourite wavelength, 656.28 nm would be high on the list! Featuring Dr Meghan Gray.